The Family Medical Leave Act ( Fmla ) - 1620 Words

The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed with the idea of creating job protected leave when necessary, while also providing employees with the opportunity to balance work, health, and family responsibilities. FMLA is designed to avoid job loss when employees request additional time off in order to treat a critical medical condition or deal with serious family or personal matters. Due to the establishment of FMLA, workers can now maintain employment as they treat qualifying medical conditions, care for a close relative, bond with newborn, etc. In other words, the concept of FMLA was for employers to legally support their workers during life’s challenging circumstances. Although many positive outcomes are a result of this law, administering FMLA has turned into a challenging and complex task for employers. Passing this law triggered many unintended consequences that have tremendously affected the way organizations manage their leave of absence policies. Employee abuse of t his privilege is a major issue employers are being faced with. The impact FMLA leave has on the entire company, including quality, performance, and productivity can be dramatic. These unplanned concerns that now exist due to FMLA provide tremendous amounts of stress for the employers to properly manage the law; FMLA has turned into a problem employers are defenseless against. Employee Abuse of FMLA The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was enacted to offer relief and protection to those workersShow MoreRelatedEssay about Family and Medical Leave Act (Fmla)885 Words   |  4 PagesFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) What is Family and Medical leave Act (FMLA)? The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) that was passed in 1993, is a national policy that grants workers up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave in four situations. These four situations are for pregnancy; to care for an infant, such as newborns, newly-placed foster children, and adoptions; to care for a relative with a serious health condition; or to allow an employee to recover and recuperate from a personal seriousRead MoreEssay about The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe balancing act of family and work can be very difficult at times. At some point in everyone’s life, he or she will need to take time off of work to deal with family matters. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 was created to help employees find a balance between the challenging demands of work and home. This Act allows eligible workers that require time off for personal reasons or family emergencies up to twe lve weeks of unpaid leave. During the 1992 presidential campaign, GovernorRead MoreThe Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesYou just got over a serious medical condition yourself which you acquired while on vacation and do not have any vacation time or sick time to take off. Do you have to quit your job? Can your employer terminate you for taking time off to be with your child? What options do you have? What can your employer do for you? Well, the answer lies in the Family and Medical Leave Act. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was passed in 1993 and allows employees to take unpaid leave for up to 12 workweeks inRead MoreThe Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA)1236 Words   |  5 PagesSituation A. The Family Medical Leave Act, deals with the laws regarding â€Å"eligible† employees taking off up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for their childs birth, adopting a child, taking care of an ill family member, or if they themselves have a serious health condition (Vikesland, 2006). In order to be considered an eligible employee, you must work for a company that employs at least fifty people, have worked there for a year and have worked a minimum of 1,250 hours in that year. â€Å"The employeeRead MoreEssay about The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave and job protection for childbirth, adoption or foster care; to care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent; or for an employee’s own serious illness (Caà ±as Sondak, 2011). It also requires that their group health benefits remain intact during the unpaid leave of absen ce. The employee must have worked for the employer for at least a year and must have earned 1,250 hours of serviceRead MoreHuman Resource ( Hr ) Departments988 Words   |  4 Pagesto help both the employee and the employer. This paper will discuss the Family and Medical Leave Act and what it is able to provide for employees. The Law Public Law 103-3; 29 U.S.C. sec. 2601; 29 CFR 825, better known as the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), was put into effect on August 5, 1993. Interestingly, the FMLA was proposed to congress every year since 1984 but was blocked repeatedly. Finally, the FMLA passed with bipartisan agreement through the U.S. House of RepresentativesRead MoreInformative Outline Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesTitle of Presentation: The role of the Family and Medical Leave Act in the workplace. Name of Presenter: Maria Vargas Description of Business Audience: Informative presentation to managers to fully understand the new standard regulations of the Family and Medical Leave Act in a company. Introduction: The year 2013 celebrates the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) by President Clinton. Since then, many families has had the advantage of this law. InRead MoreAnalysis of the Amended Family and Medical Leave Act Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 5, 1993 the amended Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), was intended to help employees have a work life balance. This accomplishment placed the United Stated ahead of major barriers for the fair labor laws. Before having the amended FMLA put into place, employees were rarely granted job protection for caring for newborns, relatives and personal medical illness. With the new amended act, it allowed employees to take a leave of absence from their job and allowed protection from beingRead MoreEmployment and Medical Leave Act Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesFamily and Medical Leave Act The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) was established to help protect employees who missed work for medical reasons. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides employees job protection in case of family or medical emergency. FMLA permits eligible employees to take up to 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period. (Martocchio, 2003) The Wage and Hour Division (WHD) is responsible for administrating and enforcing most of the labor laws, including

Analysis Of The Story Of An Hour And Hills Like White...

Hemingway and Chopin develop through both short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, a symbolic setting representing the characters feelings, two themes- time and life decisions, and a feministic approach. The setting embodies the stories principal aspect contributing to why men and women have different perspectives and emotions. Revolving around the setting, both themes of time and life decisions support the idea that gender impacts our outlook in the world; however, the main characters in the short stories were women. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is a short story published in 1927 and written by Ernest Hemingway taken place in a Spanish train station near the Ebro River symbolizing the couple at crossroads. The train station lies on two different roads just like The American and Jig, one side of the train is fertile while the other is dry and sterile. The American and Jig are in a journey to make a decision that can c hange their lifestyle, abortion. However, instead of having a serious conversation about a life changing commitment, The American utilizes alcohol as a distraction to change the conversation. As a result, Jig faces a difficult situation and decides to take a different road, literally and emotionally, than that of the American. Jig encounters herself in a moment where her lover does not agree with her keeping their unborn child and tries persuading her to abort. The reader can see that Jig is going along with the abortion becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart Analysis1295 Words   |  6 PagesPoe’s, The Tell-Tale heart? An unreliable narrator is a narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised whether it be in literature, film or theatre. Such as providing faulty, misleading or distorted details. The narrator in this short story is the killer. We really do not get the opportunity to really know the killer such as his name and what his motive is in killing the old man. What we do learn is he displays no guilt and he is not â€Å"mad†. He also appears to be proud of what he has doneRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1911 Words   |  8 PagesC2C Eric J Holm 10 Dec 2015 Dr. Van Nort Final Essay: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Jig’s Abortion through the Historical and Textual Lens â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 213). In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† an abortion is debated through subtleties, similes, and symbols. The abortion is never explicitly mentioned, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader to conclude what this â€Å"simple operation† really is (213)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Story Of An Hour Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages T/R 5:40PM TO 9:00PM WOLFSON CAMP ANALYSIS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN â€Å"THE STORY OF AN HOUR† â€Å"HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS† AND â€Å"THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS† JUAN FELIX CASTILLO BATISTA PROFESOR JOSEPH FALLAD This essay is an attempt to describe the females’ characters between three of the most powerful short stories I ever read. My goal is to describe and compare three different women, in their different circumstancesRead MoreAn Analysis of Moulin Rouge2590 Words   |  11 Pagesabout; straight musical and backstage musical. Straight musical refers to musical films like Grease where the film is a story (usually a romance) in which the characters sing and dance to tell the story. â€Å"The myth of spontaneity suggests that the musical is not artificial, but rather completely natural.† (Cohan, 2002, pg 38) Backstage musical is where the story is centered around performers in their own story world. As Martin Rubin said; it is the idea of a â€Å"show-within-a-show.† (Cohan, 2002, 55)Read MoreSegmentation of Mercedes2980 Words   |  12 PagesTable of Contents 1.0 Situation Analysis/Current Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 1.1 Current Product........................................................................................................3 1.2 Current Pricing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 1.3 Current Distribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1.4 Current Promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 2.0 Segmentation Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 2.1 Defining and Explaining Segmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........6 2.2 ExplainingRead MoreThis Tournament Goes to Eleven4982 Words   |  20 Pagessequences, while Mallivin is an infinite-dimensional one on the Wiener space and is also called the stochastic one of variations. Church and Kleene developed a formal logic known as the lambda one. In old literature it was known as infinitesimal analysis, due to the presence of quantities getting very small. For 10 points, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton independently developed what branch of mathematics that utilizes limits, derivatives, and integrals? ANSWER: calculus [the dogRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read More Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay6977 Words   |  28 Pages In quot;The Compartment,quot; one of Raymond Carvers bleakest stories, a man passes through the French countryside in a train, en route to a rendevous with a son he has not seen for many years. quot;Now and then,quot; the narrator says of the man, quot;Meyers saw a farmhouse and its outbuildings, everything surrounded by a wall. He thought this might be a good way to live-in an old house surrounded by a wallquot; (Cathedral 48). Due to a last minute change of heart, however, Meyers choosesRead MoreStylistic Potential of the English Noun16714 Words   |  67 Pages-30 1.5.4 Stylistic potential of the category of article determination -34 Chapter Two. Analysis of examples taken from fiction on the basis of considered theoretical phenomena -42 2.1 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of gender -43 2.2 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of number -53 2.3 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of case -55 2.4 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of article determination Read MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pageswhat became English. Long before studying the Mandinka as an anthropologist in west Africa, I was exposed to their legacy in the United States through my contact with the Gullah of Saint Simons Island, Georgia, my home town. The correlation between a white minority and the Mandification of the 1 See Djinns, Stars and Warriors, Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal, published by Brill Press in 2003, containing oral traditions I collected in 1972 and 1974 in the Pakao region of middle Casamance in southern

Mandatory Sentencing Free Essays

string(30) " different set of influences\." Many changes have occurred over the past three decades with regards to the sentencing systems from both the state and federal levels.   In 1975, all states and also the federal system principally relied on an indeterminate sentencing system that accorded judges wide discretion with respect to sentencing and gave parole boards practically unchecked discretion regarding the release of prisoners (Tonry Hatlesad, 1997). All jurisdictions placed great emphasis on the philosophy of tailoring sentences to reflect offenders’ characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Sentencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now This strategy represented an attempt to achieve the rehabilitation of the offender. That uniform response to sentencing has disappeared; in the year 2000, there is no common philosophy or common sentencing practices across jurisdictions in America (Tonry, 1999). All states, however, have adopted statutes requiring mandatory minimum prison sentences for certain violent, drug, and property offenders. The result has been increased sentence lengths (and numbers of admissions to custody) for a wide range of offenses. This, in turn, has led to overcrowded prisons across the country. Mandatory Sentencing Despite many legislative changes regarding specific crimes, 30 states still rely primarily on an indeterminate sentencing system which incorporates parole release (Tonry, 1999). Fourteen states have eliminated early release at the discretion of a parole board for all offenders, and many more states have substantially reduced â€Å"goodtime† credits, by which prisoners may earn their early release (Ditton and Wilson, 1999). Some jurisdictions have attempted to structure sentencing through the use of presumptive or voluntary sentencing guidelines. Several states have made a conscious effort to avoid populist punitive policies by requiring legislators to consider the impact of a law on criminal justice resources. For example, before approving legislation, Louisiana legislators must consider an impact statement on how a mandatory sentencing bill would affect jury trials, plea bargaining, overcrowding in prisons, and the corrections budget (DiMascio, 1997). In stark contrast to the federal sentencing guidelines, eight states have adopted â€Å"front-end resource matching†; the resources required for the implementation of a sentencing law must be approved before the sentencing law is enacted. This focus on resource matching may create more rational sentencing and allow legislators some breathing space in which to resist intense public pressure arising from high-profile cases (Frase, 1995, p. 179). These efforts, however, are infrequent, and policies reflecting penal populism still carry the day more often than not in contemporary America. Criminal Control Truly, the complexity of the criminal justice problem is such that issues like the etiology of crime and the impact of drug addiction on criminal behavior may never be completely understood. Because of this, there is much room for the purveyors of scientific snake off to sell their wares to an unsuspecting public. Proponents of the various programs that are engineered as solutions to such problems as recidivism and crime prevention are so diverse in their political philosophies and theoretical schools as to cause the head to reel. Still, the public demands that there be answers, and politicians have mandated that they be found – and they have been. Bureaucrats and academics, professional consultants and political activists, government commissions and high-powered think tanks have all been analyzing data and constructing better programs for the alleviation of crime. Each of the many camps that have sprung up around this industry has a particular theory to espouse and a specific agenda to promote. Most of them have budgets, jobs, and political turf to protect. And whether one is trying to deflect attention away from the failure of law enforcement and its allies or pursuing failure as a means of promoting a political agenda of scapegoating the poor, nothing will achieve the goal better than the latest and most fashionable pseudoscientific technique for reducing crime. Evaluating the Criminal Justice Policy Criminological research, just as any other body of scientific knowledge, can serve ideological or bureaucratic ends just as readily as it can serve the advancement of positive social goals. Indeed, this is the entire point of Jeffrey Reiman’s Pyrrhic defeat theory. By selectively collecting and analyzing some data while ignoring others, one can frequently arrive at whatever conclusion will support the practitioner’s or researcher’s favorite theory. At the very heart of Reiman’s assessment of the American system of justice is the contention that the police focus on street crime while ignoring white-collar and corporate crime. He notes, for example, that while 9,285 members of the work force lost their lives due to crime in 1972, 100,000 of them died as the result of occupational hazards (Reiman 1979, p. 66). It is Reiman’s contention that many of the latter deaths were preventable, and thus were tantamount to negligent homicides. It is no wonder, then, he contends, that corporate interests use their influence to ensure that no legislation that would make such negligence prosecutable comes into being while, at the same time, supporting the aggressive pursuit of street gangs, burglars, and robbery suspects. Samuel Walker and the Criminal Justice Policy Samuel Walker does an excellent job of illustrating the impact of ideology on criminology and the American system of justice. In his book Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs, he describes what he refers to as the conservative theology (pp. 17-19) and the liberal theology (pp. 19-20) of crime control: â€Å"Conservative crime control theology envisions a world of discipline and self-control; people exercise self-restraint and subordinate their personal passions to the common good. It is a place of limits and clear rules about human behavior. The problem with criminals is that they lack self-control† (p. 17). So goes Walker’s account of the stance of the right. He goes on to asses the position of the left on issues of crime as well: â€Å"Liberal crime control theology views the world as a large and idealized school. It explains criminal behavior in terms of social influences. People do wrong because of bad influences in the family, the peer group, or the neighborhood, or because of broader social factors, such as discrimination and lack of economic opportunity. The liberals’ solution to crime is to create a different set of influences. You read "Mandatory Sentencing" in category "Essay examples" Rehabilitation involves shaping the offender in the direction of correct behavior† (p. 19). Samuel Walker and the Mandatory Sentencing Having set the stage, Walker goes on to explain that each of these camps has set upon a quest for its own brand of success. He describes the liberal push for reforms in the area of corrections as â€Å"the story of a continuing search for the Holy Grail of rehabilitation† (p. 19). As for the conservative tendency to equate deterrence with parental discipline, he tells us that â€Å"The real world, unfortunately, does not work like family discipline† (p. 18) Walker then supports these characterizations of the liberal and conservative schools of criminology by debunking several of the programs the two sides support and the claimed successes for each. One example used by Walker is that of the mandatory sentencing programs so near and dear to the hearts of law-and-order conservatives. The state of New York’s 1973 drug law mandating lengthy prison terms is one of those examined. The law provided that convicted heroin dealers would serve minimum, mandatory prison terms ranging from one year to life for minor offenders, and fifteen years to life for major offenders (those who either sold an ounce of heroin or possessed two ounces of the substance). It was found, however, that between 1972 and 1976, â€Å"the overall percentage of arrests leading to conviction fell from 33.5 to 20 percent† (Walker 1994, p. 92). Walker points out that members of the â€Å"courtroom work group† (p. 48) (prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys) were able to evade the intent of the law by selectively charging and dismissing the offenders. Although he concedes that there was some modest success, in that the rate of incarceration did go up for those who were convicted, the effect of the law was essentially nullified (p. 92). The claim that mandatory sentencing program are, by and large, not successful is further supported by the experiences of both the state of Florida and the federal system. Even though Florida passed mandatory sentencing laws in 1975 and 1988, no significant impact on sentencing practices has resulted. Walker again points out that such factors as judicial discretion and â€Å"good time† reduction of prison terms effectively negated the laws’ impact as an effective tool for reducing crime (pp. 87-88). The story for the federal system is similar, though it must be conceded that the length of prison terms for those convicted did increase. Walker points out that this served to greatly increase the prison population and add to overcrowding. At the same time, however, correctional officials employed a greater use of â€Å"good time† programs in an effort to ease these conditions. The result is that whatever benefit might have been realized has again been negated (p. 95). An example of how Samuel Walker explains the failure of the left to come up with the right answers to the question of how to control crime is found in his account of the Martinson Report. This 1974 criminological report by Robert Martinson resulted from a review of all of the evaluations of correctional programs that were available in English-language publications between 1945 and 1967. Walker informs us that most of this universe of data was eliminated as not bun scientifically valid, for the Martinson team found that they were lacking such vital research components as control groups or drew â€Å"questionable conclusions from the data† (p. 209). The upshot of the study was that although Martinson did find some positive results from correctional rehabilitation, he also stated that â€Å"with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so for have had no appreciable effect on rehabilitation† (pp. 208-209). Follow-up studies of the type conducted by Martinson, Walker indicates, have resulted in similar findings, fueling a long-term debate on the efficacy of rehabilitation programs. Samuel Walker makes it clear that practitioners and researchers alike are guilty of wishful thinking and of stacking the deck in favor of their individual arguments. Time and again he demonstrates that many of the so-called successes in rehabilitation have been invented rather than achieved. Closer attention to ethical decision making might have served to advance the state of criminology in these instances, just as it might aid in achieving a more effectively run police department. A brief look at two of Walker’s examples will be illustrative. Diversion is one of the programs Walker examines, and he chooses the Manhattan Court Employment Project as an example (p. 212). In this program employment services were provided to underemployed and unemployed defendants-not facing homicide, rape, kidnapping, or arson changes. Such persons were granted a delay of prosecution and could have their cases dismissed if they secured stable employment. A program evaluation conducted shortly after the project was initiated gave it high marks, including a 48.2 percent success rate and a very low cost. Later, however, another study found that recidivism was not abated and that the cost figures were misleading. Walker explains that this was due to the â€Å"net-widening syndrome,† (p. 213) a situation in which low risk offenders who would otherwise have their cases dismissed were selected for inclusion in the diversion program. The result, of course, is a skewing of statistics and the incurring of a cost that would otherwise not have been necessary. â€Å"The net-widening phenomenon suggests that the ‘old’ diversion did a better job,† writes Walker (p. 214). Walker notes that what he means by this is that district attorneys who declined to prosecute and police officers who elected not to arrest offenders for minor violations of the law did a far more cost-effective and less intrusive job of diversion than did the Manhattan Court Employment Project. Walker also takes a look at intensive probation supervision (IPS), another of the many fads to hit the rehabilitation scene. In IPS programs, probationers are closely supervised with a great number of contacts between the client and the probation officer, frequent testing of drugs, and generally much tighter restrictions on behavior and movements. Not all that surprisingly, Walker finds that such programs are not new. As evidence of this he cites the San Francisco Project, an IPS program that was put into place during the 1960s. The San Francisco Project, a federal program of intensive probation supervision, was subjected to systematic evaluation at the time. Control groups were set up, reports Walker, for the purpose of comparing the new intensive measures with more traditional and less restrictive ones. The evaluators learned that there was â€Å"no significant difference in the recidivism rates of offenders in the various groups† (p. 214). Walker points out that there are similar findings in studies of the newest wave of IPS programs. Evaluations recently conducted in California, New Jersey, and Georgia are equally disheartening. â€Å"IPS suffers from both confused goals and exaggerated promises,† he writes (p. 220). Conclusion After all, a question still remains as to what are we to make of all of these?   Confusion and a seemingly endless series of fits and starts appear to constitute our best effort at finding a solution to crime and violence.   Samuel Walker provides us with a very solid explanation in his book as he goes about the task of illustrating the significant issues that encompass the current criminal justice policy. References DiMascio, W. M. (1997). Seeking justice: Crime and punishment in America. New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. Ditton, P. M., and D. J. Wilson (1999). Truth in sentencing in state prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report (NCJ 170032). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Frase, R. S. (1995). State sentencing guidelines: Still going strong. Judicature. 78(4): 173–179. Reiman, Jeffrey (1979). The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Tonry, M., and K. Hatlestad, eds. (1997). Sentencing reform in overcrowded times: A comparative perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. Tonry, M. (1999). The fragmentation of sentencing and corrections in America. National Institute of Justice: Research in Brief. NCJ 175721. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Walker, Samuel (1994). Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs: A Policy Guide. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.       How to cite Mandatory Sentencing, Essay examples

Knowledge Management System in Walmart-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the Current Knowledge Management System (KMS) in Walmart. Answer: Introduction The objective of this report is to analyze the current knowledge management system (KMS) in Walmart. Walmart is the multinational corporation in US that runs a chain of huge departmental stores as well as warehouse in various nations. It is one of the worlds biggest organizations in terms of revenue. It is also one of the biggest private employers in globe with around 2.3 million total staffs. At present, the company has numerous joint ventures in various nations and huge number of subsidiaries. Although it operates under various banners in the international stores, all of them work towards one common goal that is enabling their consumers to save the cash for living in the better way. Knowledge management system refers to the method for improving the performance in business process (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal 2014). It is generally used in business organizations in some applications that include information systems, public policy and general management are few to be named. Succe ssful business organizations commit huge investments towards developing knowledge management system (KMS) within the organizations. The implementation of KMS helps them in emerging as one of the largest corporation in the world. Knowledge management system in Walmart Knowledge management system in Walmart indicates that the practices as well as strategies that are used by the company are to create and enable implementation of particular experiences. Knowledge must be organized within the organization in such a way that it becomes valuable and useful for expansion of business (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). It identified four different dimensions of the KMS. These dimensions include connectedness, perspective, congruency and completeness. The innovation of knowledge is usually brought about via recognition of the existing gaps in the companys knowledge management practices. It is identified that the gaps that occur within knowledge management might hinder in developing new goods and can create difficulty in making decision and solving any problem within the organization. Hislop (2013) opines that KMS plays a vital role in the business organization as it helps them in gaining competitive advantages causing sustainability in competitive business environment. In addition, there are few models for decision making that facilitate in the knowledge management. This framework generally involves assessment and identification of alternatives by processing data as well as knowledge that is gathered until date. With the efforts of nurturing the perceptive skills of knowledge management, Wal-Mart mainly focuses on the corporations objectives that particularly include enhanced performance of business, innovation, continuous enhancement of operations, competitive advantage and business processes (Grimshaw et al. 2012). The organizations knowledge management integrates some vital issues that include formal apprenticeship, corporate libraries, professional training, discussion forums and mentoring programs. Wal-mart also employs particular adaptations of specific technologies such as knowledge bases, support systems for group decision, cooperative work that is supported by computer and intra-nets knowledge repositories. Knowledge management framework and its significance in Wal Mart stores KMS has huge significance in Wal-mart stores around the globe. Wal-marts effective program on knowledge management has enabled them to retain their competitive advantage mostly at times of bad economic conditions. It also facilitated the corporation in achieving goals by adhering to target as well as operations along with economic growth. However, economic gain owing to positive KM strategies has been achieved throughout. These KM strategies also enabled the corporation in focusing on their strategic operations of business for reducing operational cost and building shareholders value. Moreover, through differentiation, this organization has achieved success in attaining huge productivity. Nevertheless, this corporation stores have also combated several challenges for introducing numerous KM strategies. In addition, effective KM at the organizational stores hugely contributed to their financial gains on production. Due to this, Wal- Mart is now ideal for doing business as KMS improved their business operation. One of the strategies of improving KM by Wal-Mart that is improvement in employees skills helped them in encountering different challenges during bad economic condition. However, effective KM skills adopted by its stores also increased efficiency in customer care and service delivery. Proper KM in the organization had also enabled their management in solving the issues regarding the operational practices as well as making any business decision. One of the main driving forces behind the success of Wal-Mart is its sound KMS. This organization maintains awareness in changing scope as well as directions of several investment projects, which have been the vital factors to determine the best strategy that they need to adopt. Historical data reflects that failure in keeping track of the changes in KM led the company to adverse elicitation effort. Actual knowledge elicitation of Wal- Mart takes various forms, which can be classified mainly into two types such as direct method and indirect method. Direct eliciting knowledge methods occurs in collaboration with good programs that have efficiency in KM. on the other hand, indirect methods are usually improved through study or relevant information sources. However, the KM process generally leads to innovation of maps, which are given in the organizations knowledge management models. The diagram below illustrates the KM model that Wal-Mart uses in eliciting knowledge within the organiza tion Figure 1: Technology push framework of KM used by Wal- Mart (Source: Mehrabani and Shajari 2012) The above diagram reflects that KM is mainly driven by various technological systems, which are not in alignment with execution and hence is featured as technology push-model. This framework generally serves the requirements of organizational performance given proper information and lesser types of systems within particular business environment. Therefore, with unprecedented increase in information, huge variety of new technologies and rapidly changing business environment, this particular framework has outlived utility. This framework is specially attributable for inputs as well as processing drives the adoption of KM with greater emphasis on the information and business decisions (Wang and Wang 2012). It mainly relies upon only one loop automated, automatic and pre-program response for receiving stimulus. Wal-mart applies this model for enhancing the processes of creating knowledge, transfer, retrieval and application. The integration of this type of technology facilitates them in communicating with their customer and employee. Moreover, it also enhances the efficiency of the employees, which in increases overall productivity. It has been seen from the recent study that deployment of RFID (Radio frequency identification) in Wal-Mart led to lower processing cost of shipment and the lead times that resulted to safety stocks and less cycle inventory Issues relating to knowledge management system There are certain issues that knowledge currently captured in Wal- mart are Balancing data overload and useful content This is vital issue that occurs in Walmart as the increase in both size and diversity involves implicit trade-off between present content and vital information (Holtshouse 2013). Now, if utilization of system is limited to small group, then the employees might lose important input, which can be used for motivating wider participation. In addition, if the system is wider, then the risk of overloading of unrelated information may take place. Improper flow of knowledge In the KMS, improper flow of knowledge is another vital issue that can occur within this organization. When the content of knowledge is highly framed, proper effort is needed for ensuring appropriate structuring (Mehrabani and Shajari 2012). The workers are also needed to append proper keywords and data on their documents for filling out questionnaires and extensive skills. In addition, motivation is another issue as extra time and effort is required for framing contributions that is required to be allocated to job task. Long term impact of KMS Exploitation as well as exploration Another issue that has been raised in the long term effect of utilization of KMS on innovation and learning. The existing solutions bias the workers in adopting it rather than developing new solutions that might be effective (Holsapple 2013). However, reliance on the present solution might result in ability traps that restrain this companys innovation. Furthermore, KMS predisposes the employers of Walmart to the use of information that is easily available rather than implicit knowledge that might be highly intensive in accessing account of that knowledge. Additionally, implementation of new technology in Wal -Mart generates new kind of problems and challenges. Some of the employees in this organization face difficulties in adopting with this technology and this adversely affects the organizational performance. However, some knowledge is also lost due to employees defection (Liebowitz and Frank 2016). Furthermore, improper budgeting in adopting KMS led to excessive costs of this corporation. Apart from this, the uniqueness that this corporation adopts in context of KM also creates difficulty for the traditional systems that is to be applied. However, the nature of adjustment needed to traditional deployment methods in this context of KM has been the vital problem that occurred within the corporation. Recommendations on improvement in knowledge management system in walmart Although Walk-Mart has met its target and balance operations with the growth of the economy owing to these KM strategies, there are few recommendations on improvement in KMS that Wal-Mart must follow to achieve economic gain. These recommendations are given below: Wal- Mart invests huge money in adopting new technology for dealing with huge sales and track total production (Wu 2012). Therefore, it is suggested that the company must order their suppliers to provide them microchips for RFID in order to improve the system that is created by bar codes. It is suggested that Wal- Mart must adopt DSS (decision support system resources) in order to improve the productivity of individual employees. As it is a web based knowledge repository, it will help this corporation in improving decision quality and solve the problem in less time. It will also facilitate Wal- Mart in increasing control within the organization (Grimshaw et al. 2012). Wal-Mart should recruit skilled workers so that they have the ability in adopting with the new technology and increase their efficiency. It is recommended that the Wal- Mart should provide incentives or bonus to the employees for knowledge sharing in order to make KMS successful within the organization. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that knowledge management system improves the performance of the organization. It also improves team effectiveness as well as delivery of outcomes. At Wal- Mart stores, KMS is used for solving the conflicts within the organization. Moreover, integration of KMS helps them in enhancing communication within the company. As a part of KM, HRM (human resource management) strategies in Wal- Mart are also used for managing their business activities through employees coordination. Thus, effective KM also guides the employees in acknowledging their significance within the organization. Overall, it helps this corporation in gaining competitive advantage against the competitors References Becerra-Fernandez, I. and Sabherwal, R., 2014.Knowledge management: Systems and processes. Routledge. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Grimshaw, J.M., Eccles, M.P., Lavis, J.N., Hill, S.J. and Squires, J.E., 2012. Knowledge translation of research findings.Implementation science,7(1), p.50. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. ed., 2013.Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Holtshouse, D.K., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Kasemsap, K., 2016. Multifaceted Applications of Data Mining, Business Intelligence, and Knowledge Management.International Journal of Social and Organizational Dynamics in IT (IJSODIT),5(1), pp.57-69. Liebowitz, J. and Frank, M. eds., 2016.Knowledge management and e-learning. CRC press. Liu, S.H. and Lee, G.G., 2013. Using a concept map knowledge management system to enhance the learning of biology.Computers Education,68, pp.105-116. Mehrabani, S.E. and Shajari, M., 2012. Knowledge management and innovation capacity.Journal of Management Research,4(2), p.164. Wang, Z. and Wang, N., 2012. Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance.Expert systems with applications,39(10), pp.8899-8908. Wiig, K., 2012.People-focused knowledge management. Routledge. Wu, W.W., 2012. Segmenting critical factors for successful knowledge management implementation using the fuzzy DEMATEL method.Applied Soft Computing,12(1), pp.527-535.

Tiny Tim Essay Example

Tiny Tim Paper In this paragraph I will focus on the character of Scrooge how he starts to realise his social responsibility. Dickens made Scrooge the main character to represent all the rich people in London, so if he could change Scrooge, he thought he could change all the rich people in London, and to help the poor. At the beginning of the novel Scrooge can be described as:- A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching old sinner. This range of adjectives show what a man Scrooge was. Also this simile shows what Scrooge was like: Hard sharp as a flint. His views on Christmas and on giving money to the poor are very negative. When the members of a charity come to collect money, Scrooge uses humour to express his views:- Everyone who likes Christmas should be buried with a stake of holly through their heart, and should be boiled with their Christmas pudding. This shows what Scrooge thinks of Christmas. Visits from the ghosts help Scrooge realise his social responsibility by showing him what will happen in the future, if he does not change his ways. The ghost of Christmas past takes Scrooge back into episodes from his past life to show him his mistakes. We will write a custom essay sample on Tiny Tim specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tiny Tim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tiny Tim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Scrooge was a boy he was very lonely and he was always by himself, then later Scrooge says:- Nothing, there was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night. I should have given him something. This shows that Scrooge is thinking of that boy as himself and knows what it is like to be lonely, and regrets not giving him something. Also Scrooges sister, Fran was very kind to him, and rescued him at Christmas, then when the spirit asks him if he has any relatives he replies:- Scrooge seemed uneasy in his mind, and answered briefly Yes. This shows that Scrooge is remembering how much he loved his sister, and how badly he has been treating his nephew, Fred. Also then they go to Scrooges old bosss Christmas party, his old boss Mr. Fezziwig invites everyone round, stops all work, treats Scrooge very well, he brought in a fiddler to play music, there is lots of food drink, and everyone is happy jolly. Then suddenly Scrooge says:- I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just now. This shows Scrooge starting to think of other people, and how badly he treated Bob Crachet. After that suddenly Scrooge breaks up with Belle(Scrooges girl friend), Belle says:- But if you were free today, tomorrow, yesterday can even I believe that you would choose a dowerless girl. This shows that Belle is letting Scrooge go, because he will not get a dowery, a dowery is when the father of the bride gives the husband money to take her away. Also a few years later, Belle had a child with someone:- He thought that such another creature, quite as graceful and as full of promise, might have called him father. This shows that Scrooge regrets breaking up with Belle, and wants he to be her husband, and the childs father, so Scrooge is very jealous. In this paragraph I am going to analyse the character of Tiny Tim and why he is significant. When Tiny Tim enters he is described as:- Alas for Tiny Tim, he bore a little wooden crutch, and had his limbs supported by an iron frame. This shows that Tiny Tim is disabled and cant look after himself. Dickens made Tiny Tim a child because people feel more sympathy towards children. Plus Tiny Tim represents all the poor people and children who need help around the world. Tiny Tim is Bob Crachets son, later Bob talks about his son to his wife, he says:- He hoped the people saw him in the church, because he was a cripple. This shows that Tiny Tim wants people to remember Jesus at Christmas through him. Tiny Tim makes Scrooge change by making him realise how poor him and his family are. But the Crachet family are not greedy though; Nobody said or thought it was a small pudding for a large family. This shows that the Crachet family were very grateful for what they had. Tiny Tim also likes to says:- God bless us everyone. This shows Tiny Tim is thinking of others a lot of the time. Near the end of the chapter, Scrooge and the spirit are talking about Tiny Tim:- What then? If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. This shows the spirit is using Scrooges own words back at him when he was talking to the charity workers. Tiny Tim helps Scrooge to change by making him realise how badly he has been treating Bob Crachet, and that if Scrooge does not pay his clerk more salary then Tiny Tim will die, because the Crachet family need the money for more food and medicine. Scrooges nephews views about social responsibility are very different from Scrooges, because Fred does not only care about himself and his money, he cares of others and helping others:- And therefore uncle, though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done me good.

Kanafani, Ghassan. Men in the Sun. essays

Kanafani, Ghassan. Men in the Sun. essays Kanafani, Ghassan. Men in the Sun. Lynne Rienner Publishers; Boulder, CO, 1999. Ghassan Kanafanis 1962 work Men in the Sun features three Palestinian refugees of different generations en route to what they believe will amount to relative freedom and prosperity in Kuwait. Many Palestinians have sought lives beyond the refugee camps, some attaining prominence as advocates in Europe and the Americas, but Kanafanis protagonists lack such lofty ambitions. The aging Abu Qais, frustrated Assad and young Marwan are Everyman characters, seeking only jobs, food and perhaps better lives for their children. A deeply textured, moving literary work emerges as the men smuggle themselves across borders towards a common fate. Though Kanafanis story is one of political disenfranchisement and suffering imposed by political powers, he avoids alienating readers through ideological rhetoric. The context to Men in the Sun is a widely understood (or at least fairly easily referenced) one, and educated readers would likely find any gratuitous background information contained in the story to be redundant. As the issues surrounding the conflict remain contentious and often divisive, the assumption of a didactic tone would turn off readers not already sympathetic to Kanafanis outspoken pan-Arabism and socialist viewpoint. Kanafani realizes that there are many windows into an individuals experience. Through this personal, rather than political, approach, any reader hurt by betrayal, falsehood, loneliness or despair will find themselves identifying with a story created by and about Palestinians. Though no ideology frames the story, there is an unmistakable political undercurrent. In his lifetime, Kanafani, criticized Arab divisions and the petty vices that traditionally precluded an united and effective defense of the Palestinians. Men in the Sun presents the various factors within the Arab world that enable Palesti...

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Learning Theories - Essay Example Behaviorism is an important approach in educating younger students. Young learners may sometimes be unmanageable especially when they are left on their own (Casas, 2011). In teaching, behaviorists usually lay down the rules to the students at the beginning of the year. This helps to avoid misbehavior. Teachers also use positive and negative reinforcements to affect students’ behavior. As such, it is imperative for teachers to know their students’ behavior and plan out reinforcements to influence negative behaviors and make them positive. Rewards that are meaningful to the students should be in place to strengthen positive behaviors, and rules must be set at the very start to avoid negative behaviors. Classroom management is one aspect that a behaviorist teacher focuses on. Students have different personalities but when they come to school, they act in uniformity according to the policies and regulations set by the school and its teachers. Establishing classroom rules is thus the first step to a well-managed classroom. Teachers should make it a point to establish rules at the beginning of the year and have them posted. In particular, classroom rules may be memorized by students and recited as part of routines. Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. ... Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. Practicing routines is another beneficial aspect of the behaviorist classroom. Routines help to make students become organized individuals. Students who learn routines in school will learn to keep a routine at home and eventually, in their professional field. With routines, performance and processes will be perfected. As part of everyday routine, students should greet the teacher and their classmates, check attendance by counting off (each should be assigned a class number), recite classroom rules, and report current news. The re porting of current events should be done in turns, based on the class number. These routine activities are supposed to prepare students for the day ahead, and to condition them to behave the way they should in school. Setting the mood of students is a must in the behaviorist classroom. In every lesson, the teacher should always give students some idea on what to expect for the day. This gets the students in the mood for activities, games, etc. For example, if the teacher says, â€Å"Today, we will play a game.† The students will know how to behave or react, and they will respond accordingly to the situation. If some serious activities need to be accomplished, then the teacher could say, â€Å"Have you made a Diorama? Today, I will teach you how to

Personal information shared on internet- risk or no risk Essay

Personal information shared on internet- risk or no risk - Essay Example For example, information shared involves personal photos taken from smartphones and computers that are GPS embedded allowing other people to determine the individual’s location. Essentially, fraudsters and kidnappers can easily use this kind of information to locate where the owner resides, kidnaping them, and asking for ransom. On the other hand, computer hacking involves infringement on the other peoples privacy and cause destruction of computer-based software, files and, website pages. The hackers have the belief that sharing information is paramount. Hence, it is their ethical duty to facilitate the process of sharing information. The hackers also have a conviction that system cracking is fun. Therefore, exploitation is ethically acceptable. They hold that so long as they have not committed theft or vandalism, the practice is reasonable. Many dangers prevail in the privacy issues. Such dangers include data misuse, unauthorized access to information, child safety risks and bullying, and harmful psychological impacts of OSNs. Despite the dangers associated with internet platforms, people still disclose massive quantities of personal information, which is a risky behaviour. Boyd (2007, p.20), argues that OSNs are public networks with four main properties that do not embrace face-to-face communication, public life, replicability, diligence, searchability, and unseen audiences. These social dynamics in this context are fundamentally different and sophisticate the manner in which people interact. Although the OSNs all have online interfaces that aim for interactions and common communications, patterns of usage and specific goals, differ across varied services (Acquisti and Gross, 2006, p.36). Acquisti and Gross (2006, p.37), note that the commonly used models depend on the presentation of the contributors profiles. They also rely on visualization of the network to others and location of

Role Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Role Model - Essay Example Dali’s worldview can be seen in the way he viewed his career, family and religion. It seems most important for Dali was his career. As we read in Dali’s Diary of a Genius all his everyday life was depend on his creativeness and so was his whole life. He sees himself like a genius who is need to be developed almost in any cost (Dali, 2007). That’s typical for an artist to be egocentric and focused on his own personality. But focusing on one side of life, you sacrifice others. Dali often was blamed by his quondam friends for his moral qualities turned into worse. Luis Bunuel – a famous filmmaker who was one of Dali’s closest friends in youth, - in his book My Last Sigh compares a young artist Salvador he once knew to an iconic figure Dali, and says adult Dali cared too much about money (Bunuel, 2013). I think it’s a natural cause on a choice Dali had made, though it’s not close to me. For public person it’s harder to build a family because your family also becomes public, so most of public persons sacrifice their family to their career. Dali combined his private life and even subdued his family life to his career. In his Diary of a Genius Dali speaks about his wife Gala as his greatest muse (Dali, 2007). Though this view on family relationship doesn’t seem suitable to me, it’s a good way for public person to have a family while having their career. Many people that have been raised in unhappy or single-parent family are failed to build a standard family as adults. Dali had hard relationship with his father and other relatives. Firstly, his brother had died as a child and Salvador blamed parents to see the reflection of their dead child in Salvador (Dali, 2007). He argued also with his father after mother’s death because of Salvador’s rebel behavior and on religious ground. That ended with complete break up. Another reason for Dali to not build standard family was, of course, his choice not to be

Is fake news journalism?

Is fake news journalism? Before we can answer the question, is fake news journalism, we must define journalism. Based on the Merriam Webster dictionary it is the collection and editing of news for presentation through the media: writing designed to appeal to current popular taste or public interest (2010). Based on this definition the answer is yes. Fake news is a certain type of journalism since it uses collects and edits news and presents it in way that appeals to the public. Fake news is journalism, but there are those who think it devalues true journalism. The reason people think this way is because the fake news influences their audience by presenting news facts in a comedic way. Also, the real news feels threaten because it is them that are fake by not divulging the entire truth on issues. An example of this was when Jon Stewart went on CNBC show. Stewart said. He then went on to show CNBC had repeatedly made mistakes in its reporting of the financial crisis, including when CNBC Mad Money host Jim Cramer said that investment bank Bear Stearns was fine only six days before it was saved from total collapse by a fire sale to JP Morgan Chase (OrganGrinder Blog. 2010). True news journalists do not like it when their facts are confronted or questioned to show the whole truth. So the real question should be is the fake news truly fake. Fake news commentators influence viewers by placing a comedic twist on it and fill a void of the real news. Take for instance CNN who is considered conservative who tends to lean towards the Democratic side. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is through critical analysis and biting jokes at the expense of politicians and their media lapdogs (especially cable news) filling a critical void that has been completely ignored within the mainstream media (The Free Liberal. 2005). Fake news commentators have been around for a long time. Back in the eighties and nineties there was Bill Maher hosting Politically Incorrect and Dennis Miller for the Dennis Miller show. Both comedic journalists attracted a huge following by demonstrating liberal views. Both people took liberal views of politics, religion, and other issues with applying a comedic twist to them. They turned the tables politically by revealing hidden or unmentioned facts that the politicians and news did not mainstream. Due to the mainstream of controversy Bill Maher was canceled for specific remarks he made after 911 and the military took offense to them. Fake news may be more real after all. The only reason there is so much hype about it is because the comedic hosts attract and influence huge audiences. Real news broadcasters feel threatened from this type of news due to liberal agenda being presented and the facts that are revealed which has some truth to them. The fake news mainstreams influential information through the media to reach the public and provide them with controversial issues being presented from a totally liberal view. References Merriam Webster, (2010). Journalism definition. Retrieved on February 7, 2010 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/netdict/journalism OrganGrinder Blog. (2010). When the daily shows fake news becomes real journalism. Retrieved on February 7, 2010 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/organgrinder/2009/mar/13/jon-stewart-cnbc-daily-show The Free Liberal. (2005). Is fake news better than real news. Retrieved on February 7, 2010 from http://www.freeliberal.com/archives/001056.html

Educating Rita :: essays research papers

In Willy Russel’s play "Educating Rita," some marks of a love story are to be noticed between both characters. They each show marks of affection for each other. The main aspect of a love story is to have two characters of opposite sex, being attracted to one another. The attraction of two people especially deals with having a relationship. In "Educating Rita," this is not the case because only the male character is attracted to the female. In a love story, both characters are dependent on each other. They cannot live without their mate. At the beginning of the play, Rita is dependent on Frank, although she is not attracted to him. "What do you want to know? – Everything." Later on however, she becomes independent, and does not need him to live with. This point in the play divides the love in the story since Rita does not see Frank as often, and seems to care less about him. Throughout the play, Frank has the completely opposite aspect. He doesn’t need her at the beginning, only giving her literature lessons, and after a while, feels very attracted to her and will find it extremely hard to keep on living without her. "Rita. Don’t go." In the beginning of the play, both characters start out living with someone else. Rita is married and lives with her husband, and Frank lives with his girlfriend. This is unusual, because a love story never starts this way. In a love story, the couple usually agrees on every point discussed, however not always, or generally shares all of their common interests. These two characters do not share all the same common interests. One loves the drink, the other hates it. "Y’ wanna be careful with that stuff, it kills y’ brain cells." A perfect example of a love story is "Sleeping Beauty." The two main characters contain all of the characteristics to make a perfect couple. "Romeo and Juliet" is also a very good love story, however ending in a tragedy. In "Educating Rita," the two characters only present a few of these attributes. The first time that Rita meets Frank, she tells him everything that passes through her mind. She talks about her problems and her future, and tries to learn the most she can about her teacher. Frank respects Rita very much because she tells him everything. He admires her for that quality that he has never seen in any other person.

Sports Essay

Kevin Walters Go Team! Sports have become a huge part of this country’s culture, and the sports fans make up a good portion of the population. Every other conversation you hear, whether it be at the water cooler or in a bar, has something to do with some big play or blown call that happened the night before. The popularity of sports has grown magnificently in just the last 24 years that I have been a sports fan. What used to be all the men yelling and cussing at the TV, has become almost as popular to women.Whether it is football, basketball, or baseball, these fans come in all different shapes and sizes. If you are a follower of a team, a bandwagon fan, a fair weather fan, or a die-hard fan, we are all part of a great family of sports fans that make for a good time and some awesome conversation. The followers, as I like to call them, are just your basic fan of a specific sports team. They are with that team and will stick by them through thick and thin, but they wouldnâ€℠¢t mind being able to not watch a game if it got in the way of previous plans.These fans may have a few shirts or maybe a hat or two of their favorite team but unless it’s game day, they don’t go out of their way to show that pride. A follower will usually not care to spend the money on tickets to actually go watch a game, but if they are given tickets or invited to go see a game with some friends, they will not hesitate to say yes. Being a follower is not a bad thing. It’s a safe position as far as being a fan of a certain team, because if your team wins you can cheer and brag to all your friends, but when they lose you don’t have that â€Å"heartbreak† that comes with the other types of fans.The bandwagon fan is one of the most hated categories of fans that you could possibly be. A bandwagon fan is the type of fan that likes to cheer for the team that is most likely to win. These fans are usually fairly knowledgeable in the sport they are cheerin g for and will usually do their homework on whichever team they are cheering for that week. Bandwagoners will do what they can to make sure they are able to watch every game, this way they can see who plays good and bad and decide who they want to cheer for.When it comes to clothes, a bandwagon fan’s closet will look like a rainbow of sorts of different sports teams. They have a jersey from 4 or 5 different teams that they like to switch between just to be ready in case one team is their favorite that week. Bandwagon fans enjoy going to watch a live game, and will cheer for whichever team is picked to win. Being a bandwagon is, like a follower, a very safe type of fan to be. Besides the fact that you will be hated by any true fans, you have the luxury of switching teams the next week if your team performs poorly.Fair weather fans are the types of fans that hurt a team the most of all. These fans absolutely love their team at the season’s start, but if the team begins t o struggle and shows no hope of doing well that year, these fans will disappear like ghosts. If the team is doing good and satisfying their expectations, a fair weather fan will do whatever they need to do to be able to watch the games on TV so they can be there to cheer them on. These fans make themselves very noticeable towards the middle of the season.Fair weather fans will dress up in all the team colors and wave the team flag as if they were the truest fans ever but as soon as the team starts losing, the clothes get hung in the back of closet and the flags get taken town and put up in storage until the start of the next season. They will be the first ones in line to buy tickets to the opening home game, but a fair weather fan will never be a season ticket holder. A fair weather fan is a safe fan to be, but it is also a sad fan. These fans are the reason that games get blacked out on TV because the team can’t sell tickets to the game.The last category of fans is the die-h ard fan. These fans are absolutely crazy about their team, win or lose. They will fight with you and argue with you until the end and tell you why their team is the best, no matter what the record might say. Die-hard fans will request days off work and make plans around their team if that’s what it takes to be able to watch the big game. This fan will wear at least one article of clothing of his favorite team at least 6 days out of the week, even if they get blown out the week prior.These kinds of fans will be your season ticket holders. They will make every game and be one of the first ones to the stadium. Die-hard fans are the best sports fans in my opinion. They are so passionate and so dedicated to their team, that it can easily be the most dangerous type of fan to be. If a die-hard fan’s favorite team loses, it can ruin his whole week, but as soon as they play again, he is right there cheering them on as if it was the Super Bowl or the World Series. Fans are what keep sports alive all around the world.If these sports or teams didn’t have these kinds of fans, they wouldn’t be able to exist. Sports have become a lifestyle in this country and the fans have become a strong community. I couldn’t imagine what America or the world would be like without sports. Being the die-hard fan that I am of my favorite sports team, I just don’t know how I would function with my Florida Gators. So whether you are a follower, fair weather, bandwagon, or die-hard fan, keep cheering and keep passing down the tradition of being a sports fan in America.

Effects of Media Violence

Text: Devor, Kilbourne, Morgan and Advertisement Final draft – Essay4 EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLENCE There is a saying that even bad publicity is still good publicity. This concept of â€Å"publicity† may sound absurd but that is what advertisements are portraying these days. When we see the advertisements, the impact is quite shocking and offensive for a normal viewer. However, this method of advertisement is still the best way to capture the consumer’s attention and increase the sale of products.Some people believe the messages sent out through media are the true representation of the real world they live in. Unfortunately, these messages create gender stereotypes, which have characterized both males and females about how to look and act. Otherwise, they will not be accepted in the society. In the essay of Aaron H Devor, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender†, he explores the concept of masculinity and femininity that crea tes our sense of identity, and how these gender codes show a relationship to power, dominance and submission.Jean Kilbourne in â€Å"Two Ways a Woman can Hurt: Advertising and Violence† and Joan Morgan in â€Å"From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos† argue that how a woman’s image of submission is abused and exploited through the media, leaving women disempowered and marginalized. The attached advertisement â€Å"Ultimate Attraction† provides evidence about what Kilbourne and Morgan mean by exploitation of women in our society. There is an influence that media holds that is inconspicuous by many people.However, media should not have the power to set the standards for the society since they misuse their authority to create a false image of social power that influence people, culture and how we view man’s and woman’s role in our society. Media plays an important role promoting the gender roles in our society. Advertisements, in particular, sell vis ual representations of an ideal man and woman. In other words, media contributes in constructing the image of a man as dominant whereas the woman is a subordinate member of our society.Devor comments, â€Å"conception of gender roles captures the hierarchal and competitive masculine thrust for power, which can but need not, lead to aggression and feminine quest for harmony and communal well being which can but need not ,result in passivity and dependence. [pg 531]† Our society considers that men are superior to women. They attain the true social power, which provides them a freedom to exercise their dominance over woman. For instance, on first look at the attached ad, it clearly portrays that the man possesses all the power over the woman.The ad displays a strong muscular man taking charge of the woman body and exploiting women emotion for his pleasure. Hence, this advertisement shows the dominance of the man over the women and objectifies the woman and her sexual relationshi p with the man. However, we see a lack of true social power, which is usually associated with authority, influence, and control over the other. According to the BMW ad, â€Å"the ultimate attraction† is a fancy car, and women are an attraction but just not the ultimate attraction.In this case, the true social power is possessed by BMW or a corporate entity that influences and controls the emotion of their consumers and further degrades and demeans the role of a woman in our society. These powerful corporations like BMW and others inject the ideas of negative power to men, which provide them with the ultimate freedom to exploit woman and treat them like animals. Kilbourne points out, â€Å"male violence is subtly encouraged by ads that encourages men to be forceful and dominant and to value sexual intimacy more than emotional intimacy. [pg577] sexuality is then a physical expression of the emotional bond between two individuals. When we relate this emotion to an â€Å"ultima te attraction†, we find that there is a physical bond between two people but the essence of love, care and spiritual connection is missing. If we look at the attached ad, the man, covering the face of a woman by a BMW magazine is a display of emotional violence. He is completely ignoring the feelings and emotions of the woman and using her for his satisfaction.That is the reason men have lost respect for women and treat them like sexual objects to be looked at and played with, naughty but legal. Consequently, women feel the need to go to any extent to attract the love and support they desire and allow the media to degrade their image. In a male dominated society, sex sells best. The media tries to capture the attention of consumers by any means. However, is it necessary to degrade the women at such a level? These advertisements indicate the only power woman can carry is through sexuality.Devor suggests, â€Å"Femininity styles of dress likewise display subordinate status thro ugh greater restrictions of the free movement of the body greater exposure of the bare skin, and an emphasis on sexual characteristics. [pg533]† Generally, women are characterized through their clothing but mainly by their body structure. For instance, consider any beauty pageant: the basic requirement to enter in the contest is the body structure of 34, 26, and 34. The girls have to expose their bodies at every level of the contest to succeed. The last thing that determines a winner is how she uses her brain.The beauty of a woman does not lie in her body- the real beauty lies in her heart and soul. However, media ignores this idea and continues to denigrate women in every possible way. For instance, if we look at the attached ad, the man does not care about the woman at all. He is using the girl as an object to satisfy his cravings for the car. Therefore, â€Å"the person becomes an object and violence is inevitable. This step is already taken with women. The violence, the a buse is partly chilling but logical result of objectification. pg585]† and as a result the images of women displayed in these kind of advertisements are an unjust misrepresentations of gender roles. Subsequently, media becomes the root of misinterpretation of power and further controls people’s thoughts and actions, which then leads the dominant members to impose their false authority on the subordinate members of the society. As a result, men hold a dominant position in our society and due to the media exposure, their behavior towards woman is disrespectful and controlling. They use the innocence of the woman as a road to earn money and prove their dominance over them.Real dominance is what we call control or influence over other people. In our society, this concept is associated with that of leadership. Furthermore, whoever possesses this trait is a qualified dominant member of the society. According to Devor, â€Å"In patriarchally organized societies, masculine val ues become the ideological structure of the society as a whole. Masculinity thus become â€Å"innately† valuable and femininity serves a contrapuntal function to delineate and magnify the hierarchical dominance of masculinity. pg534]† A man who appears muscular, tough, strong, aggressive, and independent reflects the true image of a male dominating figure. Our media takes great care when advertising the male stereotype and confirms stereotypical identities as structured by our society. That is what we can see in the attached ad, where a muscular man is taking charge of a woman body, and admiring his passion for a car. However, the ad is also negative towards men. The man shows his attraction for BMW but also shows his helplessness. Although he is dominant and has power over the woman, yet there is not enough power to fulfill his desire for a high status car.In other words, men in our culture have more fear then woman. They hide their emotions and disappointments and ten d to appear dominant. The things they want or fear lead them to exert his pressure over women and overcome the display of their fear. As Morgan points out about rappers, â€Å"many brothers see themselves as powerless when it comes to facing the evils of the larger society, accepting responsibility for their lives, or the lives of their children. †[pg604] This is one of the bitter truths that our society has to face: men are always afraid of commitment.For instance, in American culture, a man is always running away from the bond of marriage and taking a responsibility of his partner. He maintains his relationship until times get hard or he finds another person who is more attractive. This gives the perfect example of their fear that we can see in the rates of failed marriages. The fear of commitment prevents them to keep a healthy relationship among them. Men do not want to confirm the statement that behind every successful man there is a woman behind him. They have an egoist ic nature and that is why they cannot tolerate a woman taking charge of their responsibilities.They fear that if they show their weakness they might lose their reputation and dignity as the dominant member of the society. Therefore, every member male or female has his or her own responsibilities to the society. Due to the social pressure on every individual, they cannot disregard their obligations and responsibilities towards the society. Every gender has a role that they are supposed to follow and media has a great effect in creating these roles that each gender should possess. Each one has to follow the preset norms of their respective gender in a way.However, if anyone dares to break away from the so call gender norm, then our society would show her or him being single out and made fun of him or her for not accepting responsibilities of their gender attributes. Therefore, to avoid these circumstances and maintain the existing hierarchy, our society promotes through media the ster eotypical male and female roles that are introduced to our younger generation at an early stage of their lives. Devor believes, â€Å"the process of learning to think about gender in an adult fashion is one prerequisite to becoming a full member of society. [pg 529] In comic books, a muscular, strong, and brave man is always at the rescue of a helpless woman in trouble. This media portrays that man who possesses all the characteristics of masculinity and knows how to use against the weak becomes a super power. Yet, one of the super heroes says with great power comes great responsibility. However, when men in our society taste this power, they forget their responsibilities as a human being. If we look at the attached ad, we see a woman hands wrapped around the neck of a man, which displays her innocent love, care, and submission.On the other hand, when looking at the dominance of the man over the woman, he is completely ignoring her emotions and feelings by covering her face. That b ehavior is just shallow and irresponsible for a human being, like the other false images of true social power. In addressing the way hip-hop like advertising works on gender representation in popular culture Morgan mentions, â€Å"We desperately need a space to lovingly address the uncomfortable issues of our failing self-esteem, the ways we sexualize and objectify ourselves, our confusion about sex and love and the unhealthy, unloving, unsisterly ways we treat each other. pg606]† Any women who like to keep a healthy relationship, she expects to receive love and respect that she deserves. However, media projects women image as a prostitute and a man treating her like one, creates a negative impact on our society especially for our young generation. Boys assume that every girl is just like a woman in the advertisements. Therefore, they can use them for their pleasure and exude them to play along with another. Consequently, when a girl analyzes that if this is the only way she can attract attention of a man, she throw herself to men in an undignified and disrespectful way.That is what Morgan wants for every woman and especially the black women (women from her culture) to pull her out from this mindset and make her believe in herself. Morgan thinks that what we need in our society is self-awareness. Every woman should realize her potential and she should not consider herself any degree below the man. If media is trying to portray a beautiful woman as revealing, skinny and flawless, this is just an attempt of creating self-esteem issues and weakening the sense of pride among young females.Girls should realize that these are just the false images and stop believing that to be happy and successful they need to look likes those women in the advertisement. The day when our young females realize this reality, they do not need beauty and perfection to be happy instead they will be able to create space as a potential member and can challenge the preset norms of ou r society. Perfect society is build when every member of that society considered equal. Everyone should be able to take in the account for the consequences of their actions.However, this idea of a perfect society is just a fantasy because we can never have a perfect society. That is only because nobody wants to take the responsibility of their behaviors and think of the impact on others or the environment before taking an action. For instance, media has snatched the power from the people to think responsibly and control the society by creating a hierarchy. We can clearly acknowledge the impact of media images and stereotypical gender images have on people.The media has continuously exploited women image and promoted the message that women are meant to be seen and played and never to be taken seriously. Thus, media in a way has provided men with ultimate power and authority that they use to impose their dominance over women. Media does not take the responsibility of the hierarchy the y have created because they are only interested in their profits. Therefore, we have to wake up and differentiate between reality and fantasy, since only then we can create a perfect responsible society based on equality, respect, and peace.

20 Cool Presentation Topics on Orientalism in the 19th Century Art

20 Cool Presentation Topics on Orientalism in the 19th Century Art Studying history and understanding the roles it has played in molding todays society is one of the great joys of students studying creative arts. The knowledge of how a style came about, what had influenced the great painters and artist of the generation provides the basis for our own personal growth and also urges great artists to create great paintings inspired by ancient cultures. This is why the study of orientalism and its influences on 19th century art is important to everyone although its importance to artist trumps all. Therefore if you are a literature student who has been saddled with writing a paper on orientalism in arts, do not view this task as a burden but as a subject matter you need to learn in order to prosper. This article is also intended to make your writing task easier for it will provide sample topics and a sample essay which should serve as a great piece of referencing material on how to introduce orientalism as well as draft intelligent, and structured essays on your chosen topic. Orientalist Art as a Means of Cultural Imperialism The 1798 French Invasion of Egypt and its Influences on 19th Century Art Orientalism and its Influence on 19th Century French Artworks Orientalism and its Influence on 19th Century British Art Orientalism and its Influence on 19th Century Italian Art The Religion of the Orients and 19th Century Art Romanticism, 19th Century Art and the Orients Historical Representation of North African Women in 19th Century Art Women and Orientalism: 19th Century Representation of the Harems Making a Case for Exoticism as an Influence in Oriental Art The Inaccuracies between Oriental Art and the Oriental Culture it Represents The Turkish Menace, Exoticism and 19th Century Oriental Art The Imaginary Orient and 19th Century Europe A History of Orientalism and the Roles Played by 19th Century Painters Perceptions and Misconceptions of Islam in 19th Century Art Landscapes of Istanbul as an imaginary Oriental City through the Eyes of English Painters How Authentic were 19th Century Art in Representing Life in the Orients? Oriental Harems and 19th Centurys Fascination with Islamic Women An Introduction to Oriental Art of the 19th Century 19th Century Orientalist Art and Racism This concludes our 20 topics made available for you to give you choice. They can also serve as a source of inspiration for those who plan to tweak the subject matter a little bit to fit your particular needs. Be sure to also check our 10 facts for presentation on orientalism in the 19th century and our guide with specific instructions on how to nail such an assignment. Next is a sample essay on one of the topics listed above and that should also serve as a template when writing your orientalism in 19th century art. Art Presentation: A History of Orientalism and the Roles Played by 19th Century Painters Orientalism is the general term used by scholars in art, history, literature and music to depict eastern cultures from Eastern Asia, South Asia and North Africa. While orientalism in art can narrowly be defined as art created by western artists of the 19th century depicting life and the culture of the orients. Although the Orients, which means the East, had been known and visited by people of the West since the 12th century, the longing to visit the orients and create art concerning its cultures became widespread in the 19th century due to the exotic tales and the art they inspired in the hearts of Western audiences. The year 1798 which saw Napoleon invaded Egypt in his quest to expand Frances international reach is officially credited with reviving the interest of Western artists and scholars in the orients. The French presence in Egypt wasnt just military in nature for artist and scholars tailed the army with the aim of documenting Napoleons battles and the culture of the faraway places they encountered. This led to written works and landscape depictions of life in the orients as early as 1801. The Romanization of oriental cultures, its women and religion commenced sometime in 1820 as stories of violence, slavery and barbarism were told in the West by people who claimed to have been in the orients. These stories had drastically increased Western interest about life in the Far East and resulted in multiple pilgrimages by westerners to the Orients. In France, the term orientalism in art was finally coined and the Society of Orientalist Painters was founded in 1893 to provide artists painting depictions of Eastern life an official umbrella to congregate. At this time, European artist had started influencing the public opinion of oriental culture with art works that became famous and quite popular in Europe. These art works which emphasized on violence, eroticism and barbarism painted easterners in a certain light and served as propagandistic tools for European leaders, interested in conquering the orients. Orientalism scholar Edward Said, credits 19th century painters with dehumanizing oriental cultures and creating an enabling environment that supported European exploitation at the time. Notable artists such as Jean-Leon Gerome, Jean-Auguste Ingres and Delacroix, reinforced the belief in oriental barbarism with their famous paintings. Ironically, the inspiration for their paintings were from 3rd party accounts and the vivid imaginations of the artists themselves. An example of how 19th century painters affected the public opinion on oriental culture was on the subject matter of Muslim women and harems in the orients. Artist depictions told highly sexualized stories of oriental women, while panting its men as randy totalitarian masters of the household who used and discarded women at their whims. The effects of these depictions could be seen in Europes approach to slavery, their disregard for women of the orients and the irrational fear of Islam which led to several wars aimed at bringing civilization to the orients. The influence of 19th century painters can be likened to that of the media today and the power it wields in shaping the perceptions of people concerning a subject matter. Although not all 19th century painters created orientalist art as tools for propaganda, the end result of how these artworks were used was inevitable due to the elitist posturing of European leaders in the 19th century. References: Suren, L. (2010). Photography, Vision and Production of Modern Bodies, 70-80. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=CUqSSoRvMv4Cpg=PA70lpg=PA70dq=photography+in+the+orients+were+stagedsource=blots=qR43dgAH9fsig=GAq35pM-yQMWAZz8ejglR9kolfMhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjbtIn6xNbMAhUlKMAKHeaSAjoQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepageq=photography%20in%20the%20orients%20were%20stagedf=false Irwin, R. (2006).  Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents Princeton Archeology Journal, Global and Views: Nineteenth Century Travel Photographs. http://web.princeton.edu/sites/Archaeology/rp/globalviews/gv1.html Jiman, M. (2009). Representation of Middle-Eastern Women in Orientalist Paintings in Nineteenth Century: A Comparison of French and Italian Orientalists. https://theskinnyjeanrant.com/2014/05/01/representation-of-middle-eastern-women-in-orientalist-paintings-in-nineteenth-century-a-comparison-of-french-and-italian-orientalists/ Alexandra, J. (2009). Orientalism in French Nineteenth Century Art: The Enigma of the East. http://bestamericanart.blogspot.com.ng/2014/05/orientalism-in-french-nineteenth.html?m=1 Nancy, D. (2008). The Origins of Orientalism. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/intro-becoming-modern/a/orientalism Thomson, G. (2008). The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences: Orientalism. encyclopedia.com/topic/Orientalism.aspx

What can cause urbanisation in a developing country Essay

What can cause urbanisation in a developing country - Essay Example According to statistics, it is estimated that more than half i.e. approximately 60% of world’s population will be living in urban areas by the year 2030 (Knox, 2005). It is also estimated that more than 150000 people migrate to towns on daily basis, with less developed countries showing a higher trend than that of developed countries. For an urban area to be categorized as such, there are various indicators which must be present. These are for example the population density, percentage of under dependence on agriculture, public utilities among others but which may vary according to the state or country in question (Martine, 2008). This paper is a critical evaluation of the causes and negative effects of urbanization in developing countries. Urbanization in Developing Countries Urbanization as stated herein is the increased settlement of people in towns mostly after they relocate from rural areas. It is a phenomenon which has continued to attract attention especially since it i s considered a recipe for numerous negativities. There are various reasons why the rate of urbanization has been increasing in developing countries. To begin with, it has been found out that lack of job opportunities in the rural areas is a major contributing factor (Lynch, 2005). Most of the people living in rural areas depend highly on rain fed Agriculture as their lifeline. Apparently, the world has continued to experience harsh climatic conditions due to global warming, which has tampered with rainfall patterns such that areas that used to receive high amounts of rainfall are now suffering from lack of it and when it rains, it creates havoc in terms of flooding. This implies that people can no longer depend on farming alone to sustain their day to day financial requirements (Lynch, 2005). In addition, rural areas in developing countries are experiencing overpopulation as a result of low infant mortality rate coupled with high birth rate, which means that there is a lot of compet ition on the already available land (Bhatia, 2000). For example, a family that owns a land of 10 acres but comprising of 10 heirs means that each heir would inherit 1 acre of land which would then be subdivided among their offspring. In the end, each one of the residents after a generation is left with minimal space to conduct any viable development. As a result of these limitations, most of rural dwellers opt to migrate to towns where they end up acquiring cheap accommodation in substandard environments such as ghettos and shanties. It may also be necessary to observe that industrialization leads to mechanization especially in Agriculture and in this case, it means that the demand of manual laborers becomes low thereby creating the problem of unemployment, which in itself is a recipe for rural urban migration (Bhatia, 2000). Majority of developing countries also are experiencing a rapid growth of new industries, which are creating more demand for labor (Martine, 2008). This is a de velopment which is attracting young men and women to migrate from rural areas especially due to the fact that investors usually situate their premises in urban areas where there are high numbers of people who can provide ready market for the processed goods. The high demand for manufactured goods is due to the fact that urban dwellers do not participate in food production and therefore depend solely on their salaries and wages to budget for their daily needs. On the contrary, rural dwellers depend on their small chunks of land for food not forgetting the fact that the limitation of resources lowers their purchasing power thereby discouraging investors from establishing industries in those areas. It is also important to note that most of the governments in developing nations have failed to decentralize national resources such that rural areas

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example The Barack Obama â€Å"Hope† poster is trying to sell him as the best president for America. The words used in the poster portray him as a candidate in whom America can find solace and base hopes. However, there is more to the poster than just what meets the eye. In the year 2008, America was facing one of its worst moment. The poster portrayed Obama as what America needed to get back to its feet. He was the hope and source of optimism for a better America. The variety of solid colors used in the poster represented all the races in America. It sold him as being a president who represented all the races equally. Thus, the advert does not focus on the candidate; rather, it targets the feelings of the electorate about optimism and views of multiracialism. ‘’We can do it† poster was trying to sell the idea to women that they could also join the Second World War. However, the poster is acting as a platform to promote feminism. It has a message that communicates to women to arise and shine. They are encouraged to take up the challenging tasks through the message displayed and the use of an image of a woman. Old Spice advertisement is trying to sell the body wash. However, it is interesting because it sends the message that everything is possible when a man uses Old Spice. The man is portrayed to have a good body and wealthy. Every woman desires this type of a person and, therefore, most will buy the product for their men. This form of communication can lead to some ethical issues. They include sexism and feminism, for example, the Old Spice advertisement. It has objectified men and most would struggle to look like the man in it to make them attractive. If it were a female half-naked, it would have lead to a lot of reaction from the public therefore promoting